A Separte Peace Essay Essay Research Paper free essay sample

A Separte Peace Essay, Research Paper Throughout everyday life, authentic occasions much of the time play an of import work in an individual s life. Commonly individuals can definitely hold an adjustment of conclusion over dim. In A Separate Peace, the entire atmosphere at the Devon School changed as World War II advanced. The male childs either hungrily anticipated bill of trade, liked to enroll in the nation of war they needed, or did non want to go by any stretch of the imagination. The students at the school had to make exercises for happiness since old 1s could non be played as a result of insufficiency of stuffs. At the point when a companion comes back from the war, the male childs at Devon got an existent feeling of what the war resembled. The male childs discovered that going to war was non all happiness and games like they had foreseen. The impact World War II had on the characters in A Separate Peace and life at the Devon School, was plainly delineated through their activities and exercises. We will compose a custom article test on A Separte Peace Essay Research Paper or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The start of the novel permits the peruser to procure a vibe of what the Devon School resembled during that cut period. Understudies of war age were perpetually go forthing Devon to make a trip to the war, either by pick or by bill of trade. Regardless of whether childs needed to travel or non, the hope was ever present. As winter moved toward the Devon school, so was the encroaching shadow of the war. The male childs were shouted to help scoop free a troop train caught by snow-blocked ways. The experience # 8220 ; brings the war place # 8221 ; for every one of them, and they understood they would hold to go up against a significant assurance actually in the blink of an eye. Development jumps upon them, regardless of whether they # 8217 ; re prepared for it or non, at the stamp age of 17. The invigoration of the war had gotten to everyone at the school, including the staff, and made it a higgledy piggledy topographic point. The male childs had the option to procure away with resistin g the guidelines. Numerous understudies cut class, and left school proves regularly and were non punished. At the point when Leper came back from the war the male childs understood that take separating in the war wasn t all happiness and games, and that a bunch of terrible things occurred. At the point when Leper disclosed to Gene how he had been released on charges of craziness, Gene exploded at Leper. Quality had thought the war was a decent topographic point, and the impression of a Section Eight Discharge was non what he needed to hear. It completely demolished Gene s thoughts and his expectations. Quality was entirely determined to enrolling in the ground powers, to perceive what such huge numbers of different s were sing, until Leper educated him regarding the war s negative features. Untouchable, more vanquished than anybody, did non parcel his ground for returning spot with everybody. He was embarrassed, and did non want to partition the revulsions of war with everybody. Shortage of well known stuffs made it hard for the male childs at Devon to go on with some typical exercises. Finny, the athletic male kid he was, made up Blitzball, a game named after the observed Blitzkrieg ( a German war move ) . The round of class was fruitful in keeping up the male childs occupied. Alongside athletic inventive exercises, the male childs began a nine called The Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session, a nine which around six male childs pursued. The nine met about each dim, and had specific acceptances for the individuals. The nine was intended to give the male childs something to make since they couldn't partake in the customary things they did. The male childs at Devon were non holding a similar kind of school twelvemonth that they had in the days gone by. Halfway in view of an interuption in their everyday lives. World War II affected life in the novel A Separate Peace. The author shows the impact through the character s activities and exercises. The understudies at the Devon School were overpowered with the idea of war, and were hungrily anticipating that their going should a nation of it. Be that as it may, when an old buddy came back from the war with an alternate idea of how it was, the male childs reconsidered their ardentness. The male childs had to do up games and such to partake in to keep up them involved when they weren t examination. This tale indicated that like with other major verifiable occasions, war can completely change a way of life, adjusting everything from characters to exercises.

Elements of the Marketing Mix Essay

This case will examine depict the components of the showcasing blend. These four components incorporate item, spot, cost and advancement. This paper will incorporate a depiction of how an organization’s promoting technique is influenced by the four components of the showcasing blend. Another angle that this paper will incorporate is a portrayal of how every component is executed in the organization. One more theme that this paper will depict is the associations name and industry in which it exists. The advertising blend is characterized as a blend of a few thoughts and plans followed by a showcasing delegate to advance a specific item or brand. A few ideas and thoughts are joined together to figure last techniques accommodating in making a brand well known among the majority to frame the advertising blend (â€Å"Marketing Mix †Meaning and Its Elements†, n.d.). The components of the promoting blend are regularly called the four P’s of showcasing (Perreault, C annon, and McCarthy, 2011). In the first place, Product is characterized as merchandise that are fabricated by associations for the shopper. Items can be two sorts, substantial and impalpable. An item in a commercial center is something which a vender offers to the purchasers in return for cash. Cost is characterized as the cash which a purchaser pays for an item. The cost of an item is in a roundabout way corresponding to its accessibility in the market. On the off chance that an item isn't promptly accessible, at that point the cost goes up (â€Å"Marketing Mix †Meaning and Its Elements†, n.d.). Spot alludes to the area where the items are accessible and can be sold or bought. Here one is presented to a physical structure, or store, or one can buy things on the web. At last, the fourth component is advancement. Advancement alludes to the different procedures and thoughts actualized by the advertisers to make the buyer mindful of their item (â€Å"Marketing Mix †Meaning and Its Elements†, n.d.). Today’s showcase is immense and there is an inexhaustible assortment of items accessible. Frito Lay is a multi-nationalâ corporation that is prevalently in the salty nibble business. Frito Lay points its market system at both the mass market and target showcases the same. This food driven organization has a few qualities, for example, its eminent unwavering quality, excellent control and markets its item as advantageous fun nourishments. The items that Frito Lay produces have purchasers at the top of the priority list that especially purchase nibble nourishments as a relaxation thing. Their pressing and marking is focusing on a buyer that needs to nibble in a hurry or during lunch with a sandwich. In view of this, the associations showcasing system utilizes every one of the four of the advertising blend well overall. Frito Lay sells a wide assortment of chips structure Ruffles to Lays, Cheetos to Doritos and Tostitos to Funyions. These items fulfill numerous customers’ requirements for no particular reason nibbling. In the Product component, bundling is likewise significant when keeping the purchaser fulfilled. Brilliant hues are utilized to get the attention when they plan the packs that convey the entirety of their brands. In the Place component, the item is profoundly obvious in that one can buy said things and each comfort store in the commercial center. Not exclusively is the item in pretty much every UDS store however in candy machines and markets. The channel of appropriation is essential to convey these items to the purchaser and Frito Lay has an incredible dispersion framework set up. The third component, Promotion, targets new clients and holding current clients. Numerous individuals have heard the expression â€Å"no one can eat simply one.† This catchphrase was intended for Lays potato chips and hasn’t been utilized in years, yet pretty much everyone has heard that. That is pr omoting at its best. The utilization of mass selling methods has been favorable to Frito Lay. The fourth â€Å"P† is Price and that clearly has a significant influence in Frito’s model. Frito Lays procedure is to remain serious with other salty nibble producers and their value focuses. Their objective cost is additionally aimed at youthful grown-ups and youngsters. Every component in the promoting blend is utilized very well by Frito Lay. The items that this company offers to the buyer shift from salty snacks to treats and even hamburger jerky. Frito Lay ensures newness for its item and conveys a value point that is serious to pretty much any shopper. In the channels of appropriation process it is critical to get a food thing to the retailer in a convenient way as the food thing can ruin. The newness ensure that Frito Lay offers directs that the salty bite has a time span of usability of about a month for most items and theâ products should be expelled from the racks on the off chance that they don't sell. In view of this model, the conveyance framework advances productivity when sold and disseminated to every retailer. Advancements are immense with Frito Lay as they burn through millions for retail location coupons and retail limits. Not exclusively is there retail push for deals yet Frito Lay burns through millions on promoting. Publicizing can be found in standard ads to enormous spending ads during super bowl advertisements. These techniques for correspondence are equipped at mass selling and are extremely compelling. At last, the Price component is essential to Frito Lay as the market cost for materials goes up so does the cost of their items. To evade these value climbs, Frito Lay will bring down the substance volume taken care of and not raise the cost. In different cases, they will raise the cost by ten pennies and evacuate the cost on the pack for a brief timeframe. The thought is to fool the buyer into accepting the cost is the equivalent. In all the occurrences, Frito Lay has a plan of action that is extremely compelling and has suffered for a long time. By understanding the similitudes and contrasts between these components one can see how an organization utilizes the promoting blend to further their potential benefit. The four components are basic to comprehend the very idea of the shopper and the retailer. This contextual investigation shows that it is critical to comprehend the promoting blend plan of action as it relates everybody and last client. References Showcasing Mix †Meaning and its Elements. (n.d.). Recovered from http://managementstudyguide.com/showcasing mix.htm Perreault, W. D., Cannon, J. P., and McCarthy, J. (2011). Essential Marketing. A Marketing Strategy Planning Approach. Recovered from The University of Phoenix eBook Collectioon database.

Quitting Your Job Is Easy

Quitting Your Job Is Easy Scores of people ask us how to quit their jobs. Much of the time it feels like theyre simply asking for our permission. The truth is you dont need our permission. Quitting your job is easy: simply walk into your bosss office and yell,  Screw you, I quit! What happens after you quit is the hard part. First, the simple questions surface: What will I do to make money? How am I going to pay my bills? How will I afford medical coverage? What if I fail? What do I do about the people who depend on me? Eventually, the more difficult questions begin to peek there ugly little heads into the picture: How will I spend my newfound free time? How will I live a more meaningful life? How will I cope with this new sense of utter loneliness. What if this doesnt work long-term? What will I tell people I do  if I no longer have a title to give them. Will I die alone? The most important questions, however, should be asked before you consider leaving your job: Am I living a lie? Why do I want to quit my job? What am I passionate about? What is my mission in life? Should I look for employment that is more in line with my passions and my mission? What would my ideal employer look like? Should I start my own business? Will the Cincinnati Bengals ever make it to the Super Bowl? With the exception of that last question, these are better, more meaningful questions that get you to the root of why you want to quit your job in the first place: you are unhappy with your current circumstances. Quitting your job isnt the answer to all your problems, and its not a decision to be taken lightly. We wrote an entire chapter exploring the difference between a job, a career, and your mission in our book Minimalism: Live a Meaningful Life. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

The Great Gatsby- Jay Gatsby V Essay - 612 Words

Jay Gatsby, the title character of The Great Gatsby, is really not all that the title might suggest. First of all, his real name is James Gatz. He changed it in an effort to leave behind his old life as a poor boy and create an entirely new identity. He is also a liar and a criminal, having accumulated his wealth and position by dishonest means. But he is still called ‘great,’ and in a sense he is. Gatsby is made great by his unfaltering hope, and his determination to live in a perfect world with Daisy and their perfect love. Gatsby has many visible flaws—his obvious lies, his mysterious way of avoiding straight answers. But they are shadowed over by his gentle smile and his visible hunger for an ideal future. The coarse and playful Jay†¦show more content†¦Gatsby is a dreamer, he lives for and in his dreams. But his amazing ability to focus on and achieve his dreams makes him great. Nick Carraway describes himself in the first chapter as reserved in judgement and tolerant of other people, even when subjected to their unwanted and boring secret confessions. He is indeed more tolerant than most, and holds judgement even when faced with huge and unmistakable character flaws. For instance, he makes no solid judgement on Tom Buchanan when he sees him openly displaying his extramarital affair with Myrtle and holding no shame or guilt about cheating on Daisy. His unwillingness to criticize leads to his having double feelings about several characters, because he see their faults but wants to keep an open mind. He is especially reserved in holding judgement against Gatsby, which causes him to go so far as to create a sort of blind spot towards him. He criticizes Gatsby’s obsession with wealth and luxury, and is very aware of his criminal behavior, yet he sees more in Gatsby the man who would do anything for his love and worked towards his dreams all his life. Nick is still, however, an honest and good man. He is not extravagantly rich, but unlike Gatsby he earned all of his high social connections fairly. He is rather disgusted with the East and it’s empty values by the end of the book. But he is still intrigued by it all, as he demonstrates through his relationship with Jordan Baker. He holds an almost subconsciousShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Great Gatsby Research Report1248 Words   |  5 Pagesembraced his newly minted celebrity status and embarked on an extravagant lifestyle that earned him a reputation as a playboy and hindered his reputation as a serious literary writer†(F. Scott Fitzgerald Biography 2). The parties thrown by Jay in The Great Gatsby reflect Fitzgerald’s extravagant lifestyle. Excessive amounts of drinking, large crowds, parties lasting long into the night all took place at one point during Fitzgerald’s life. â€Å"F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife, Zelda, were guilty of manyRead MoreAf fairs, Nick, and Gatsby in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1255 Words   |  6 PagesNick is the narrative reader in The Great Gatsby. Gatz was a poor person that changes his name to Gatsby. Tom was a cheater and was unfaithful to Daisy. Daisy was a flirt and rich. Myrtle is a poor women that lived over her and her husband’s garage shop. Myrtle would let Tom push her around because he was a rich man that would let Myrtle forget that she was poor. â€Å"She never loved you, do you hear he cried. She only married you because I was poor and she was tired of waiting for me (FitzgeraldRead MoreHow the Charcters in the Great Gatsby Viewed Jay Gatsby1643 Words   |  7 Pagesthinks of Gatsby as a â€Å"home wrecker† and a criminal. He cannot see any of Gatby’s virtues, but rather focuses on and exaggerates his questionable behavior (pursuing Daisy and bootlegging). Nick, on the other hand, sees both Gatsby’s virtues and faults and presents them to the reader from a neutral point of view. â€Å"Who is Gatsby anyhow?† demanded Tom suddenly.†Some big bootlegger?† (PG 104) †¢ This quote reveals Tom’s suspicions of Gatsby’s wealth. Even though Tom doesn’t know that Gatsby is involvedRead MoreGreat Gatsby: Movie vs Book1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Gatsby I: All throughout grade school and even high school, my teachers, parents, and even friends told me not to take the easy way out when it comes to books. Always read the book before the movie. I usually took the easy way out, watched the movie, and then skim the book. After doing this project I see what everyone was talking about. The book is much better than the movie, it gives you more of a sense of what is going on, a greater sense of when the story takes place, and it gives theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1255 Words   |  6 Pages Arik V. Russell English III Mr. Christensen Block 2 Great Gatsby Experience The book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald has been read in schools for decades. The experience is different for everyone. Some may love this book while others just purely hate it. I have to say I am in between loving and hating this book. I do like the look into the lives of the rich of the 1920s and I did enjoy the overall story. However the cheating I wasn’t fond of. I do understand that isRead MoreEssay about F. Scott Fitzgerald1049 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped a mental disorder and had her first mental breakdown in 1930. Fitzgerald wrote short stories to pay for his wife’s treatments. However, he is best known for his works This Side of Paradise, from which he gained his wealth, and The Great Gatsby, arguably Fitzgerald’s most popular work (Coale 190). This Side of Paradise was his first autobiographical novel. The book is based on Fitzgerald’s childhood and portrays him as a young boy who is ready for his exciting life to begin (Shain)R ead MoreThe Method of Narration in ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F Scott Fitzgerald1331 Words   |  6 PagesMethod of narration is the writer’s crucial tool in conveying his story and with it his characters and message. In ‘The Great Gatsby’, F Scott Fitzgerald deploys this tool effectively to tell the tale of Jay Gatsby, a self-made man on a quest to find and win back the love of his life, Daisy Buchanan, through the eyes of Nick Carraway. As well as reflecting on the dreams and tragedy of that summer in Long Island, Nick’s narration gives us essential insight into the characters and key issues that FitzgeraldRead MoreA Novel Outline of The Great Gatsby I. Bibliographic Information Fitzgerald, F. Scott, and Matthew1500 Words   |  6 PagesA Novel Outline of The Great Gatsby I. Bibliographic Information Fitzgerald, F. Scott, and Matthew J. Bruccoli. The Great Gatsby. New York, NY: Scribner, 1996. Print. II. Character List Nick Carraway †¢ Narrator of the novel †¢ Moved to New York to learn the bond business †¢ Facilitates the romance between his cousin Daisy and his friend Gatsby †¢ Honest, Inclined to reserve judgment, unbiased Jay Gatsby †¢ Protagonist of the novel †¢ Changed his name from James Gatz when he devoted his life to becomingRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many of the characters live in an illusory world and only some can see past this. In the novel, West Egg and its residents represent the newly rich, while East Egg represents the old aristocracy. Gatsby seeking the past, Daisy is obsessed with material things, Myrtle wanting Tom to escape her poverty, George believing that T.J. Eckleburg is God, and Tom believing he is untouchable because of his power and wealth are all examples of the illusion v. realityRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1262 Words   |  6 PagesChris Molina Ms. Hunt English 3 5th period 17 March 2015 Outline I. Hook: Everyone wants happiness and success. Thesis Statement: In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author uses Jay Gatsby to demonstrate the themes of friendship and the American dream. II. Historical Context Topic Sentence #1: The novel was written in the Roaring twenties, when the economy was at its peak. A. Supporting Detail: â€Å"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed up things and creatures and then

Question 2. Review The Scholarly Literature Within The

QUESTION 2 Review the scholarly literature within the field of your program specialization related to your proposed (or School-approved) dissertation topic. Analyze the reviewed literature to determine what is already known about your proposed (or School-approved) dissertation topic and what remains unknown. Synthesize your findings and evaluate how a study on your proposed (or School-approved) dissertation topic could be designed to advance the scholarly research in this area while maintaining ethical research requirements. Literature Review The purpose of this paper is to present a literature review on the school-approved dissertation topic: How do foster parents describe the experiences and engagement in family†¦show more content†¦Studies about FPM in the foster care system indicates that engagement is an important component to achieving permanency for foster children (Boldis, Tomlinson, 2014; Crampton, Usher, Wildfire, Webster, Cuccaro-Alamin, 2011). It has been demonstrated that FPM increases biological family members participation in permanency planning (Crampton, Usher, Wildfire, Webster, Cuccaro-Alamin, 2011; Gladstone et al., 2012; Montserrat, L?pez, Bravo, del Valle, 2013). Permanency is more likely to be long term when biological families are active members of the FPM (Balsells, Pastor, Mateos, Vaquero, Urrea, 2015; Boldis, Tomlinson, 2014; Crampton, Usher, Wildfire, Webster, Cuccaro-Alamin, 2011; Steen, Duran, 2013). However, there is a gap in research on FPM and permanency planning throu gh the team approach of decision-making that is inclusive of foster parents. The school-approved topic is How do foster parents describe the experiences and engagement in family partnership meetings and permanency planning? This study looks to expand on the concept of foster parents as professional members of a multidisciplinary team through their engagement in FPM and permanency planning. Role Theory Role theory is aShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Literature Review1131 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is the literature review. Since there is very little that has not been studied in some form, good researchers find out all they can about their subjects before they commence their own study. Not only is it imperative to acquire what is already know about the subject, but a literature review enables the researcher to identify what is not known or well understood (Lanier Briggs, 2014). By conducting a literature review, one verifies what else needs to be done. A literature review is an importantRead MoreCmp9500B Comprehensive Exam Solution1570 Words   |  7 PagesCMP9500B Comprehensive Exam Solution Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/cmp9500b-comprehensive-exam-solution/ Question 1: Theory Theories play a vitally important role in guiding research and organizing and making sense of research findings. In spite of the great importance of theory-building and theory testing within your field of specialization, there is no generally accepted conception of what a theory is. Because your dissertation must contribute to theory, you mustRead MoreLeadership Styles Of A Leadership1685 Words   |  7 Pagesaccomplish goals effectively. This literature review will discuss the various leadership styles and linkage between the followers. The leadership styles of transformational, charismatic, servant, leader-member-exchange theory leaders share a common interest the follower. The servant leader serves others before self. The transformational leader inspires and charismatic leader charms the followers. A leader common goal is his or her role to the follower. Methodology of Review The research studies chosenRead MoreAnalysis of The Doctoral Research Process 1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe doctoral research process will challenge the most learned student, inspire true seekers of truth, and culminate in a dissertation which adds essential information to the existing relevant body of literature (Leedy Omrod, 2010) Some would say that finding truth is the object of the doctoral research process, while others insist that any information that expands the current understanding of a subject suffices as the end result for the doctoral research process. The purpose of this paper willRead MoreEssay On Population Health1096 Words   |  5 Pagespaper, is free of errors, and does not detract from the overall message. †¢ Scholarly Expectations: This paper should include a minimum of five scholarly resources. Do not use your course textbooks or sources from the internet. Be sure to incorporate your sources clearly into your analysis. Drawing upon your sources, your paper should address the content/question below. †¢ Number of pages: The body of the paper will fall within 4-6 pages (double spaced) with appropriate references. †¢ Font and font size:Read MoreAnalysis Of Inuyasha And Othello 1373 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"blackness† as it is redefined in popular culture. In conducting this study, I want to understand what these representations will mean for African Americans, specifically women, who go to reside in Japan. The lack of representation of black women in scholarly literature about East Asia prompted my decision to conduct research on this topic. As I press further, I seek to understand the roles African American women play as both conscious and unconscious receptive actors of both persistent and changing contemporaryRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Children1548 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Divorce on Children Mikele J. King Medaille College Abstract The current divorce rate suggests that one out of every two marriages will end in divorce. This paper is a critical literature review that explores the hypothesis that divorce has detrimental effects on children. Six different risks have been suggested to cause the differences in an increased need for help between divorced family children and two-parent family children: parental loss, economic loss, more lifeRead MoreComparing Matrix Paper On Nursing Research1339 Words   |  6 Pagesdependent on the questions that are being asked. Therefore, it is imperative prior to beginning any type of research to decide the best format to acquire the answers to the questions proposed. As such, there are two methods that classify research and how it is done, qualitative and quantitative. Thus, contingent on the investigators will ultimately determine the type of research that is used, compared, and concluded to obtain the results that provide the best answers to the posed questions and the info rmationRead MoreA Systematic Search Of The Database Psycinfo1247 Words   |  5 PagesInvestigatory Design A systematic search of the database PsycINFO was conducted, as this research repository is considered the leading scholarly file of research in the social and behavioral sciences worldwide. Table 1 presents the volume of reference citations regarding drawing tests indexed in PsycINFO. This output illustrates that 73% of all references have appeared since 1989 (614 of 840 citations) based on Total output; for journal references (69%), for books (88%), for dissertations (89%).Read MoreCritically Reading and Analyzing Essays1024 Words   |  5 PagesResearch journals and the information provided within the pages of these articles must be critically analyzed and read. There is a series of steps in completing both tasks. However, at the start it is vital to ensure that the journals, topic information, and authors are all credible. This process is also necessary to make sure that the credibility of this information is professionally supported and held to a scholarly standard. In support of my research topic, I selected an article that I have deemed

Ideology ; Discourse Free Essays

Ideology, what is that? There are hundred answers and none of them is right or wrong. Most of ideology definitions are not compatible with each other, but I have found one that I like the most: An  ideology  is a set of  ideas  that constitute one’s goals,  expectations, and  actions. An ideology is a comprehensive vision, a way of looking at things as in several  philosophical  tendencies, or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideology ; Discourse or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ideologies are systems of abstract thought applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political or economic tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought. 1 So ideology is a system of conceptualized views and ides, expressing the interests of different social classes, groups and societies, to evaluate relationships between people and reality, as well as authorized on a community form of domination and power (conservative ideology) or settle their transformation (radical, revolutionary ideology). It`s not a science, but it includes scientific knowledge of social and politic life, as well as assessing it. Good example of bad ideology was Nazi in Germany, when Hitler wanted to â€Å"clean† the Aryan race from â€Å"sub-human† – Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals and handicapped people who were at the bottom of racial hierarchy by Nazi studies. Now let`s move on discourse. What is that? Discourse is the term that describes written and spoken  communications; the â€Å"language in the language,† a certain vocabulary, semantics, pragmatics and syntax, manifesting itself in actual communicative acts, speeches and texts. â€Å"Discourse constitutes the social. Three dimensions of the social are distinguished – knowledge, social relations, and social identity – and these correspond respectively to three major functions of language †¦ Discourse is shaped by relations of power, and invested ideologies. † (Fairclough 1992:8). 2 Example: Discourses are seen to affect our views on all things; it is not possible to avoid discourse. For example, two notably distinct discourses can be used about various  guerrilla  movements describing them either as â€Å"freedom fighters† or â€Å"terrorists†. In other words, the chosen discourse provides the vocabulary, expressions and perhaps also the  style  needed to communicate. 3 So how ideology and discourse works together? Actually they both are inextricably connected to each other, because both are elements of human thoughts and communication. Some people say that ideology affect discourse, other say that discourse is used as a way to deliver an ideology. 4 It`s very important to remember that when analyzing media texts, because the interpretation of the text will depend on person who wrote it and his opinion on the subject and the person who is reading it. For example some political articles in newspapers in the UK have political alignments, some support Labours, some support Democrats. So when one of the parties wants to write a press release or something their ideological discourse will be organized by a general strategy of positive self-presentation (boasting) and negative other-presentation (derogation). This strategy may operate at all levels, generally in such a way that our good things are emphasized and our bad things de-emphasized, and the opposite for the Others—whose bad things will be enhanced, and whose good things will be mitigated, hidden or forgotten. How to cite Ideology ; Discourse, Papers

Grapes of Wrath Allusions Essay Example For Students

Grapes of Wrath Allusions Essay John Steinbeck carefully molded his story The Grapes of Wrath to encompass many themes and ideas. He included several Biblical allusions to enforce his message of the migrating families coming together to form a community. Steinbeck alludes to Biblical characters through Jim Casy and Rose of Sharon, events like the familys journey to California and the flood at the end of the novel, and teachings throughout the novel. The Biblical allusions represented by the characters in the novel are most obvious in the characters of Jim Casy and Rose of Sharon. However, the Joad family is made up of twelve including Connie, much like the twelve disciples that followed Jesus. Connie represents the traitor, the Judas figure who had betrayed Jesus the night of his arrest when he walks out on his family for selfish reasons. Jim Casy is an allusion to Jesus Christ. They have the same initials and live their lives as examples of their beliefs; Jesus to the world and Casy to Tom. Casy even compares himself to Christ when he says, I got tired like Him, an I got mixed up like Him, an I went into the wilderness like Him, without no campin stuff (105). In the first half of the book Casy is thinking and forming his ideas. He changes from a thinker to a man of action when he sacrifices himself for Tom. When in prison Casy sees the advantage of organizing people to achieve a common goal. When Casy tried to put his ideas into action he, like Christ, aroused the antagonism of the people in authority and was brutally killed. He died, like Christ saying to his crucifiers, You don know what youre a-doin (495). Rose of Sharon represents a Biblical allusion towards the end of the novel. After she gives birth to her stillborn child, she gives life to a starving man by breast-feeding him. Her sacrifice suggests the notion of rebirth through Christs physical body which is symbolized in the ritual of communion. When she tells the man to drink her milk she alludes to the Last Supper when Christ tells his disciples Take, drink; this is my blood. Rose of Sharon realizes this man will die without her, in the same way Christ said that without Him people will die spiritually. Rose of Sharon exemplifies the idea of helping others in need through her actions in the conclusion of the novel. Steinbeck also alludes to events in the Bible through situations among the Joad family. Their journey to California is much like the Israelites journey from Egypt to Caanan. The novel is broken up into three sections. The first part is the Joads eviction from their farms under the control of the banks and companies which parallels the Israelites slavery to the Egyptians. Both groups struggled under the control of overwhelming forces and left in hopes of a better life. The second part is the Joads journey from Oklahoma across the Panhandle in search of the promised California which parallels the Israelites wandering in the desert in search of the Promised Land. Both groups experienced many troubles, but were forced to rely on each other to survive. The third part is the Joads arrival to California which parallels the Israelites arrival to Caanan. The journey for the Israelites lasted so many years that only the younger generation made it to the Promised Land. In the same way Granma and Grampa died before they reached the promised California. The flood at the end of the novel is another example of a Biblical allusion used by Steinbeck. .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 , .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 .postImageUrl , .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 , .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3:hover , .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3:visited , .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3:active { border:0!important; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3:active , .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3 .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1fc4db0fa85601915679ac53e8648ee3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Great Wall Essay This situation parallels to the Old Testament story of Noahs Ark. In both events, heavy rains cause a flood that results in the families leaving their homes. In the novel, the Joads and the Wainwrights gather their belongings onto a platform and wait out the flood, much like Noah and his family gather on the ark for forty days until the rain stops. These situations show again the importance of unity and helping one another to make it through troubles. Last Steinbeck alludes to Christs teachings in the Bible to reveal his theme of coming together in the face of weakness to grow and become strong. 2 Corinthians 12:9-10 states, 9 But he said to me, My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness. Therefore I will boast all the more gladly about my weaknesses, so that Christs power may rest on me. 10 That is why, for Christs sake, I delight in weaknesses, in insults, in hardships, in persecutions, in difficulties. For when I am weak, then I am strong. This Biblical teaching comes through several times as the Joad family faces struggles and weaknesses, but because they stick together they are made stronger. Steinbecks many allusions to the Bible reflect his personal views about religion and allow him to reinforce his theme of migrant families coming together to form a community to work together. He alludes to Biblical characters through Jim Casy and

King Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay Plan free essay sample

Intro * Both Shakespeare’s Richard III and Al Pacino’s Looking for Richard both portray central values and ideas of the time. * The texts ideas are reflected by the context of the time. * Both texts written in different time periods meaning completely different contexts which shape the text. * Through Pacino’s hybrid style docudrama, he attempts to demystify Shakespeare’s Richard III, making it more accessible to the everyday person. Shakespeare shows the journey in Richard III of Richard himself on his dark quest to becoming king by both using his literary skills and performance to attain what he wants, ultimately being power. * Both texts use propaganda but whereas Shakespeare alludes to the Tudor Myth which is ingratiating himself to his patrons. Whereas Pacino is being more provocative. He is challenging the authority that the British literary world has over Shakespeare. * Both texts also use performance to connect ideas between the two Para 1- Richard III * Context War of the Roses – now that his house has won the battle. We will write a custom essay sample on King Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He wants to be king Tudor Myth – had to ingratiate to the Tudor house and uphold their reign. This too is one of Pacino’s main challenges as he is expressing an egalitarian society where all people and their views are equal as he speaks to various people on the street. However Shakespeare had to ingratiate his monarch, the Tudor House and ensure Tudor patronage. * Throughout the entire play, Shakespeare depicts Richard as a monstrous Machiavellian. Who Nicollo Machiavelli described in his book which was written in Shakespeare’s time is when a person may use craft or deceit in order to maintain or achieve power. Shakespeare presents Richard in this way as he was from the House York which is what the Tudors opposed when they first came to power. * Opening soliloquy – See Richards true character and his intentions in the play. Recognises himself in the play, â€Å"I am determined to prove a villain. † Metafiction shown. Richard feels that he needs to get into power to make up for him being â€Å"rudely stamped,† and â€Å"Cheated of feature by dissembling nature. † * Shakespeare exaggerates and devalues Richard in this manner to perpetuate the Tudor myth whilst demonising Richard, which institutes the Tudor reign as one of providence and divine sanctioning. Para 2 – looking for Richard * CHALLENGES Pacino isn’t challenging the actual information and ideas expressed in Richard III. But rather he is challenging the British literary world, and their belief that they hold all the knowledge to Shakespeare’s plays. He does this constantly throughout the entire film, showing scenes of British scholars where he has put them on the spot making them seem as if they don’t know anything. A great example of this is when he is interviewing Emrys Jones, a well-known Shakespeare academic and he is asked a question to which he responds, â€Å"I don’t really know the answer. Straight away the scene is cut and immediately followed by a different scene of Pacino explaining exactly what the British scholar couldn’t. The constant use of cutting and framing different scene helps Pacino not only challenge the British literary world by giving them the message that he and numerous other Americans which he interviewed o n the streets hold knowledge about Shakespeare. But also, the fact that he can make it into a film as well proves that they are wrong that the actor holds the power to. â€Å"You want to do it wiz your American accent? Shows jarring which stirs the audience’s image that Pacino can produce a successful version of the play. Pacino challenges not only this question, but the actual theory that Shakespeare put forward * REFLECTS – I do believe however that in this aspect of Looking for Richard, Pacino challenges the ideas more. In one scene of the play Pacino and Kimball travel to England and visit the house which Shakespeare grew up in, in hope that they would achieve some sort of epiphany of knowledge about the plays. Linking back to the point that the British believe they ‘own’ the knowledge on Shakespeare. However they find that they did not feel any epiphany or difference at all, proving again that the British do not hold all the power and knowledge over Shakespeare and his plays and that actors like himself can possibly hold more knowledge that the academics and scholars. Para 3 – Richard III – performance * Lady Anne scene – Richard turns from the monstrous Machiavellian character we see throughout most of the play, into a romantic wooer. He uses rhetorical language such as pathos to connect with her emotions which assists him in essentially ‘capturing’ Lady Anne. The fact that Richard had just killed her husband King Edward, with her still being with his coffin just makes Richard seem even more powerful as he still manages to pull Lady Anne into marrying him. Although in this scene Lady Anne proves to hold the knowledge of language too as there is constant stichomythia between the two characters through most of the scene but the line which best shows this is when Richard says â€Å"Bid me kill myself. I will do it. † And Lady Anne responds with â€Å"I have already. † Showing that she can be quite witty too, but not enough for Richard. Pacino shows his power of being director by taking out a lot of the stichomythia between Richard and Lady Anne which removes some of her agency, that causing Richard to seem more powerful, convincing and in control. Para 4 – Looking for Richard performance * CHALLENGES Penelope Allen shows the power of both the actor and method acting. It challenges the fact that women had no dominant rol e in society, whereas in this scene of Looking for Richard, we see her using method acting to get into character in rehearsal and raise her voice over all the other men and women in the room when she says, â€Å"If he were dead, what would betide on me? Pacino provides the point here that using performance to change into character, can allow women to be completely dominant over men in a modern society. * REFLECTS – Both Pacino and Shakespeare’s Richard both change character to essentially get what they want. Richard, wanting power to be king. Pacino wanting power over his film. Pacino, the star actor and also director of his own film, changes character various times throughout the film. One of the key scenes depicting his want for power is when he is being the actor and discussing a few lines in the play with his assistant director, Kimball and Pacino decides to completely change the script. â€Å"G of Edwards heirs the murderer shall be. † Is what the line usually says. But Pacino changes it to, â€Å"C of Edwards heirs the murderer shall be. † This gives Pacino the power as he now has control over both the film and its script. He changes this as he believes it will be easier for people to understand and ultimately once again make the play more ‘accessible’ for the audience.

Intwermidiate Quiz 1 Essay

Intwermidiate Quiz 1 Essay Intwermidiate Quiz 1 Essay Jessica Schwan Federal Income Tax #42 A)Andy could be subject to an audit if the misstated amount accounts for 25 percent or more of the gross income stated. The IRS has 6 years in this case to call an audit. My advice for Andy would be to calculate how much off gross income was stated. If it is less than 25 percent then he is fine. He should however be much more careful and honest in future tax returns. B)My advice would change if I were the preparer. I would want tax returns that I am responsible for to be as accurate as possible. If a material mater was exposed to me, I would file a correction right away. C)I would only consider preparing Andy’s current tax return if all information was present. I would not purposely misstate gross income. I could not morally or legally do so. #51 A)The Child Tax Credit would justify care for a minor while a parent works. B)This act is discourage and therefore not supported with a tax credit. C)The justification for this is that it minimizes the effect of a loss in a current year, and allows you to spread the effects from it to more profitable years, known as a carryback. D)This allows a taxpayer to spread tax consequences over the payout period. The harsh effect of taxing all of the gain in the year of sale is thereby avoided. E)These amounts change year to year, as the current cost of living increases per year caused by inflation. F) With tax-exempt bonds, the federal government gives up more in tax revenues than

Visit a community agency or family support services Essay

Visit a community agency or family support services - Essay Example As far as this local community agency is concerned, it is being run by an elderly gentleman who believes in the premise of imparting services to the people who deserve them the most. I was astounded to know that he collected donations from people through his own efforts and did not have any proper funding mechanisms in place. This made his place within my heart even more because he was doing all this out of his own hard work and commitment (Dror, 2002). I understood that this gentleman derived the funds for the local community agency through donations since he visited different schools, colleges and universities to ask the students and teachers for the funding. He also visited people who were of repute and had a certain standing within the society. I am of the view that this money was being used in a very corrective fashion since he gained due insight at using the funds and thus knew how to turn little amount of resources into solid results. What is even more interesting is the fact that the local community agency is being run by a complete management committee which reports to the director (the gentleman under question). This management committee makes sure that the different processes and activities are being solicited and run in an amicable fashion so that there are no apprehensions as such, and the end results are very positive from the long term scheme of things. My mind opened up when I saw a small place turning dreams into realities (Crichton, 1997). I envisioned how success could be reached upon if there is good will and determination applied to the same. This gave me comprehension that I can work there and learn the true essence of life as it was important for me as far as the future domains were concerned. The observations and analysis of this local community agency are important to list here. Patients had a very positive outlook for the local community agency and they came to it with the hope that either they will recover or their family members woul d see the light of the day at the earliest possible moment. They had inkling and a ray of hope that the local community agency would help solve their problems and would in essence offer them a cost-effective and even a free solution to make sure that their issues get resolved. They would be relieved of their ailments and illnesses which were plaguing them as I personally contacted one of the patients who had come to the local community agency. She told me that she and her entire family had been visiting the local community agency for the last 2 years as this was the most affordable local community agency in the whole area. She told me she did not have enough money on her to pay for the rising medical costs of the time. I also analyzed that the courteous behavior of the medical staff was something that worked very well with the people who had visited the local community agency. The patients and their accompanying guests were grateful that the local community agency’s medical s taff had a positive mindset and that they looked after them in a very hospitable way (Dawkins, 2007). I am glad that I visited this local community agency to gain a good amount of understanding because it created empathy within my personality and told me how I could be accountable for my actions and behaviors if seen from a very moral perspective. I am happy that I learned all this stuff very quickly and

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Case study - Essay Example and Hasan, H., n.d.) At the outset, the environment although polite and formal, breeds division between management and employees. This is shown by the set up of physical structures, by not inviting employees to participate in management’s plan, with a notion that there is nothing more to learn from them. Result of this environment showed that while it was a good design of operational efficiency and control, there was no flexibility that resulted in loss of motivation and trust that led to unsatisfied performance in the long run. Because there is no chance of communication, even the best intentions could be clouded with suspicions as in what happened to John who failed to see the good intention of training and further development. If the democratic leadership is adopted, as initiated by new manager, there is a fair chance that employees will be more motivated in the work performance, John will not quit as things are communicated well, and system will lead to a collegial system whose basis is teamwork. Sundarasadula, D. and Hasan, H., Closed system and organizational theories, Chapter  11.  A unified open systems model for explaining organisational change Retrieved 15 2010 from http://epress.anu.edu.au/info_systems/mobile_devices/ch11s02.html This case describes a situation of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Interestingly, it is related to career opportunities, work life policies and job characteristics as could be seen with the problem of Suzanne Chalmers. Money, benefits and stress on the job are out of the question since these are not the reasons for her resignation. But why would she quit, along with other IT professionals who quit to later joining start-up software firms that give lesser benefits? In my analysis, management failed to see that job satisfactions among professionals has something to do with †upward mobility† as they are seeking for higher status and

Vesico Vaginal Fistula In Birnin Health And Social Care Essay

Vesico Vaginal Fistula In Birnin Health And Social Care Essay Approximately, about 7 million women were affected from complication of pregnancy and child birth worldwide. Out of the estimates, 6.5million women are from the developing countries. (WHO Global burden of disease 1998). According to the data from West African Journal of Medicine (WAJM 2004; 23 1) the prevalence of obstetric fistula in West Africa is around 1-3 per 1000 deliveries while, in other African region is 5-10 per 1000 deliveries. Report shows that, maternal morbidity and mortality is among the major problem for women in Nigeria. Maternal mortality ratio of 800 deaths per 100,000 live births which is also rated among the highest in the world. The report further stated that for each death that occurred 20 or more women will be affected by childbirth injuries and most of this is obstetric fistula (UNFPA/Nigeria 2005). Obstetric fistula is one of the maternal morbidities and mortality problem in Nigeria which is an issue of concern to Public Health (WAJM 2010; 29 (5); 293-298. The situation is being more evidence in the Northern part of the country, prevalence estimation ranges from as low as 400,000 to as much as 800,000 cases, 5% of these cases are from the Northern region. There could probably be an incidence of 20,000 new cases a year, with approximately 2,000-4,000 fistula repair surgeries being carried out yearly. Also Nigeria count for 40% of the worldwide fistula prevalence (Country assessment UNFPA/Nigeria 2009). Life expectancy of female population at birth is 52 yrs, with a total of 5.5 fertility rate (Unicef 2010). 1 Statistic report from (UNFPA /Nigeria 2005) stated that, majority of fistula patient visited the Health centers are below 20 years. Nigeria is facing a great challenges of Health care providers, with an estimated of 58-39% trained skilled attendance for Ante-Natal and delivery (Midwives) attached to the Health facilities (NDHS 2008). Efforts by the Government to provide them remain unsuccessful. In Nigeria, early marriages contribute 23% of the maternal death that are cause by severe hemorrhage, obstructed and prolong labor which may result to obstetric fistula and often time still birth. 69% of women in the rural areas face difficulties in accessing medical care that made them to have home deliveries by unskilled birth attendant. (Lindros and Lowkkainen 2004). Kebbi State with an estimated population of 3.8million out of it 836,000 are women of child bearing age is located in the North West part of Nigeria. It has a particularly low socio -economic indicators. Maternal mortality rates for the region are estimated at 1,000/100,000 live births (NDHS 2008) Total fertility rate is 8 which are above the national average. According to Leadership News paper 19 April 2012, stated that, kebbi state rank among the highest rate of maternal death in the country. Most of the direct causes of maternal death are hemorrhage, sepsis, eclamsia and anemia. While long and obstructed labor has been responsible for both maternal morbidity and mortality such as vesico-vaginal fistula. According to a survey, the state faces serious maternal challenges. Age at marriage in the state is 12-13 years and most of them became pregnant by 13-14 years. VVF victims can be found in all part of the state with prevalence rate of 5,000-8,000, Birnin Kebbi Local Government has the highest rate of 2,500 cases. (Khalid Zango 1996). Factors accounts for high morbidity in women in the state include social, cultural, economic accessibility and health facility associated problems. 2 Obstetric fistula is can be treated but, poverty, ignorance and lack of information are the most contributing factor for women to seek for medical attention. These high prevalence shows negligence for the government to address the situation. This study actually is going to look in to the Knowledge about the vesico vaginal fistula and the attitude towards it. The study will also be conducted among women with and without vesico vaginal fistula. The result will provide information as to knowledge level regarding vesico vaginal fistula and as to how the women without fistula look at vesico vaginal fistula as a disease and their attitude towards fistula women. 1.2. Research questions study 1.2.1 What is the prevalence of self reported cases of Vesico Vaginal Fistula among married women? 1.2.2. What are the knowledge, attitude and knowledge of preventive measures of women towards vesico vaginal fistula in Birnin -Kebbi LGA of Kebbi- State, Nigeria? 1.3. Research Hypothesis Knowledge, attitude and preventive measures of women towards vesico vaginal fistula living in Birnin Kebbi Local Government of Kebbi State, Nigeria. 3 1.4. Objectives 1.4.1. General Objective To assess the knowledge and attitude towards vesico vaginal fistula in Birnin Kebbi LGA of Kebbi State, Nigeria. 1.4.2. Specific Objectives To study the prevalence of vesico vaginal fistula in Birnin Kebbi LGA. To assess the level of knowledge of married women on the contributing factors of vesico vaginal fistula. To find out if married women knows about preventive measures of vesico vaginal fistula. To determine the attitude towards women with vesico vaginal fistula. To determine the possible risks factors related to status of vesico vaginal fistula. To analyze the association of knowledge and attitude with the status of vesico vaginal fistula. 4 1.5. Conceptual Framework Socio -demographic Age Occupation Education Socio-cultural factors Age of Marriage Patriarchy Gender violence Workload Parity Status of Vesico vaginal fistula Access to health care: Antenatal visit Untrained birth Attendants Post natal Place of delivery Aaaaaa111111 Knowledge about the Risk factors, sign and symptoms and preventive measures of vesico vaginal fistula Attitude of women towards vesico vaginal fistula and women with recto vaginal fistula 1.6. Operational Definitions:- 5 1.6. Operational Definitions:- Age of Marriage: refers to getting marriage below 18 yrs. Poor birth practices: Home delivery by un- skill attendant. Parity: Multiple birth with low spacing. Patriarchy: Head of the house decision is final. Untrained birth attendants: Untrained or self practice in delivery. Knowledge: Knowledge in this study regarding to sign and symptom of VVF. Attitude: In this study refers to the availability of health services and the barriers to seeking. Preventive Measures: Knowledge about steps to tackle the VVF. Status of vesico vaginal fistula:- The status of vesico vaginal fistula in this study is women have obstetric fistula or vesico vaginal fistula 6 CHAPTER 11 LITERATURE REVIEW The chapter 11 deals with the: History Vesico Vaginal Fistula Global situation of vesico vaginal fistula Situation of Fistula in Nigeria Causes of vesico vaginal fistula Social Consequences of vesico vaginal fistula Treatment of vesico vaginal fistul 2.1. History of vesico vaginal fistula Vesico vagianal fistula or obstetric fistula has been identified to be a major issue or women of child bearing age since decades. In 1935 professor Derry from Cairo stated that, the remains of Queen Henhenit (2050 BC) were the oldest to discover fistula. Around 1845 james marion sims was the first surgeon to successfully repair VVF from a 3 female slaves in Montgonery Albana. Later, in 1852 he established a VVF repair centre where many patients from America and Europe came for surgery (Robert F. Zacharin 2008). A discovery during 1550 BC in the ancient Egypt, Aveicenna was a famous Arabian physician to differentiate VVF and obstetric (Derry DE 1935; 42:490). Another innovation came up in 1836 from Peter Mettnauer from Virginia who was identified to be the first surgeon to close fistula in United State (Aust N.Z.J. surg (2000) 70, 851-854.) Study indicates that, during the 19th Century, women with fistula in United State and Europe were caused by dystocia (Russell). In the early 20th century, more experiments and techniques came up to improve the quality of VVF repair. Again, in 1942 Latzko published a new procedure in repairing post -hysterctomy of VVF which recorded 95-100% success (VVF MedScape). Many historical innovations and advanced technique by surgeons has been recorded while, more researches and experiment are still ongoing for the improvement and better solution towards VVF. 7 2.2. Global Situation of Vesico Vaginal Fistula Vesico Vaginal fistula (VVF) which is also called obstetric fistula is an abnormal opening between the urinary bladder and the vagina or between the vagina and the rectum (RVF).This is caused as a result of prolong labor where the child presses against the normal way thereby developing the hole between the vagina and the urinary bladder (WHO def). Globally, 529,000 women were estimated to have died every year due to pregnancy and childbirth related complication. Almost 90 percent of this death is from Africa and Asia. Generally, 5 percent of this death is expected to have experience from obstructed labor (UNFPA/Nigeria 2005). According to M.J Metro report in 2006 indicated as VVF is not new disease it has been in existence for decades. He further highlighted that, in the third world countries mostly in the west 90% of VVF cases are caused by bladder trauma during hysterectomy surgery. Nowadays, advanced technologies from developed countries such as Europe and part of North America have eliminated the disease (VVF) in there region (M.J.Metro 2006). In the same report of metro 2006, he stated that, VVF is an uncomfortable disease the victims should be more serious towards their personal hygiene. In a WHO report of 2006 indicates that, about 2 million women living with untreated VVF, while 50,000 to 100,000 new cases are reported every year (WHO 2006).The increase on figures could be due to stigma that associated with the situation. Also in another report from WHO study on global burden of disease, stated that, if 2% of the obstructed labor are caused by VVF, then 130,000 women are going to be affected with the condition (WHO 1998 243-66). A study report published from UK indicated that, out of 166 cases treated within 18 year, only 21 cases are caused by obstetric complications. Another report from Nigeria stated that, out of 377 cases of VVF 369 cases are caused by childbirth (Lawson J. 1998, 83; 454-456). 8 2.3. Situation of vesico vaginal fistula in Nigeria The millennium Development Goals (MDGs) targeted at reducing the proportion of women dying in childbirth by three quarter by 2015 become unrealistic in Nigeria. (Adeyemi Ezekiel). The reason behind it is that, the country has made less progress in reducing maternal and mortality than any other sub-Saharan African countries. The maternal mortality rate in Nigeria estimated as 800nto 1,500 per 100,000 live birth (WHO 2006). The Northern part of the country has generally worse indicators with an estimated maternal mortality rate of 1,500/100,000 live birth. The high maternal mortality rate affects the basic health services in the country (NDHS 2003). According to UNFPA report, Nigeria approximately to have an estimate of 400,000 and 800,000 women affected with VVF condition while, 20,000 new cases are recorded every year. Most of these patients are from the northern part that lives in the rural areas where they find it difficulties in accessing proper medical care. (UNFPA/Fistula Nigeria 2005). Also statistics shows that, most of the VVF victims are below 20years. The underlying cause of VVF in Nigeria is due to prolong obstructed labor and mostly the young ages are at risk due to early marriage and early childbirth where there body is still in the stage of developing (WHO2006). In 2002, a multi-sectorial committee was setup by the Federal Ministry of Health to find the solution to the problem. At the same time the committee identifies Engender Health along with UNFPA/Nigeria to conduct a nationwide needs assessment in order to develop a framework and action plan for the elimination of fistula in Nigeria. Although Nigeria has been taking measure to address reproductive health and maternal health problems, the implemented interventions have not reach optimum coverage to obtain the desired impact. (NDHS 2008). 9 2.4 TYPES OF FISTULA Many surgeons have described fistula according to their experience during repair. In 1852 Sims also classified fistula by its location in the vagina. According to (Cater, Palumbo et al. 1952) stated that, it is difficult to describe the reported cases of fistula but, the standard method is to identify it during the actual operation and the result. Mayor clinic doctor has briefly classified six types of vaginal fistula Vesico vaginal fistula- is abnormal opening between the vagina and urinary bladder Ureterovaginal fistula- is abnormal opening that connect the vagina and the ducts which carry the urine from the kidney to the bladder. Urethrovaginal fistula- is an opening between the vagina and the tube that carries the urine out. Rectovaginal fistula- an opening between the vagin and the opening anus. Colovaginal fistula- the opening between the vagina and the large intestine. Enterovaginal fistula- an opening between the small intestine and the vagina. 10 2.5. CAUSES OF VVF Many publications and journals have their different versions on the causes of vesico vaginal fistula. According to medicine for African journal classified the factors that contributed to the cause of vesico vaginal fistula as: (MfA- VVF) Primary factor Childbirth: 8% of the VVF cases are prolong and obstructed labor where the deliveries are conducted by untrained skilled birth attendant or as a result of malpresentation of baby in the uterus which cause a lot of damage to the womans urinary tract. Hysterectomy or other gynecological problem:- This can be caused by accidental surgery that occur within the pelvic and may result to VVF. Gishiri cut or Salt cut:- It is a traditional way of treatment by a traditional healers mostly practice in Nigeria and some part of west Africa. When a woman present Gishiri disease symptoms such as vulva itching, absence of menstruation, infertility or obstructed labor. As a result of these symptoms a local surgical cut in the anterior vagina wall of a woman was done for total cure. During removal of clitoris in a process of female Genital mutilation or female circumcision the vaginal tissues and its surrounding will be scrapped thereby causes VVF. Secondary factor Sexual transmission disease or previous pelvic inflammatory disease. Bladder stone or retain foreign body within the vagina Diabetics 2.5.3. Socio-cultural causes The most underlying socio-cultural causes in Nigeria are: Early marriage; harmful traditional birth practices; poverty and illiteracy. 11 2.5.4. Early marriage Early marriage can be define as being marriage at the age of 15-24 years when the reproductive organs are not fully matured for taking responsibility as done by the adult. This will result t damage of the birth canal that will lead to vaginal fistula (John Zang). According to WHO/UNICEF, the recommended age of marriage is 25 to 26 years. In article 16, of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, specified the right to protect child marriage. I n a publication from unicef research centre on early marriage 2001 stated the guidelines on changing attitudes of families and societies towards child marriage. According to global assessment of child marriage it is estimated that, South Asia and Africa has the highest number of young women/young girls who are given out into marriage at the age of 15-24years. These will affect their nutritional status which will lead to so many pregnancy- related complications and most of the time she has no say in making decision for herself. Also in another report from WHO 2006 indicate that: more than 25% of women with fistula from Ethiopia and Nigeria are pregnant before the age of 15years while over 80% of them also become pregnant at 18years of age. 2.6. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF VVF Almost all the report from the medical professional indicates the psychological consequences of women with VVF that bears. This is attributed due to lacj of support from the families and societies as a whole. Majority of these women faces great challenges in the society because of the odour from the incontinence of urine. 12 According to WHO report indicate that, women with VVF are facing difficulties to manage the urinary incontinence that causes odour from urine. The report also highlighted that, due to injury to the vaginal wall many complications may arise even after obstetric repair of the VVF. These complications are narrowing of the vagina, secondary amenorrhea inability to carry the child. However, (Murphy 1981 and Harrison 1983) stated that, the most traumatic aspect of VVF resulting to urinary incontinence and lost of child who sometime may lead to marital separation/divorce and also social excommunication. In another report from (WHO 2006), VVF patients are to be sympathized due to the lower social status of women in Nigeria. The most disheartening is that, they are abandoning by their husband and they have limited role within the family. 2.7. Treatment Women with fistula face a lot of challenges which most of the time find difficult to disclose their situation. The only solution for their survivor is surgery and personal hygiene. A statement from WHO Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood program indicate that, the endemic VVF area should focus prevention aspect through effective social changes that will improve the status of women. 13 CHAPTER 111 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research Design Cross- sectional survey study among the married women of reproductive age in Birnin Kebbi LGA in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Focus group approach to assess the knowledge and attitude towards vesico vaginal fistula among people who live in Birnin Kebbi LGA, in Kebbi State, Nigeria. 3.2 Study Area Birnin- Kebbi LGA which lies in the centre of Kebbi State of Nigeria. A total of 45 wards :- Nasarawa 1, Nasarawa 11, Dangaldima, Marafa, Gwadangwaji, Zauro, Ambursa, Gulumbe, Ujario, Kardi, Gawasu, ,Makera, Kola, Tarasa, Fadama, 3.3. Study Population The study will be among the married women of reproductive age 15-49yrs of age. 3.4. Sample Technique Selection of Sample sites: Systematic Randomly sampling will be done for the collection of data in 45 settlements from 15 wards 3.4.1 Exclusion criteria are The sample who are not Birnin Kebbi cases The samples have never followed up doctor or refilled medical attention during 3 months prior to study The sample who are unable to communicate verbally and orally to interviewer appropriately 14 3.5. Sample size Yamane sample size Formula n=z2p (1-p) (e) 2 n= (1.96)2 X 0.22 (1-0.22) = 264 (0.05)2 Where , n = sample size p = proportion of women of reproductive age in B/Kebbi LGA that are expected to have knowledge about vesico viginal fistula. e = Marginal error or accepted error z = Standard value of 95% confidence interval of 1.96 Sample size is 264 + 10% to add up in case of any missing value/data, the total sample size will be 264 + 26.4 (10%)= 290 3.6. Measuring Tools Survey questionnaires are to be admitted on knowledge and attitude of married women towards vesico vaginal fistula. Face to Face interview will be carried out during the focus group discussion 3.7. Validity and Reliability test Validity test 3 Expert validity are to be selected from B/K LGA. Questionnaire will be checked and reviewed by these 3 experts. 15 Reliability test Questionnaire will be pr-tested by the respondents who are comparable to the targeted respondents. The reliability of questionnaire will be statistically tested with the Crobachs Alpha, which its acceptable coefficient is more than 0.74 3.8. Data Collection Constructed questionnaires to be used on the followings: Questionnaires General and household information, Knowledge towards the sign and symptom of Vesico Vaginal Fistula. Attitude towards the Preventive Measures on the vesico vaginal fistula Access to the health facility- information and service. Focus group discussion women with and without VVF 3.9. Data Analysis (Statistics) Questionnaire will be coded before entering into the computer. SPSS version 17 will be used Descriptive statistic is to be used to analyze data which will describe the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation 3.10. Ethical Consideration Under the guidance of College of Public Health Sciences, and local authorities Interviewees will be informed and explained Informed signed consent 16 Have freedom to withdrawal Confidentiality Convenience Can access to final report or results Not use for other purpose 3.11. Limitation The study will not represent the general population of Birnin Kebbi LGA. Different socio-demographic group may have different practice The study will not represent for other types. 17 REFERENCES LIST Margaret Murphy (1981). Social Consequences of Vesico-Vaginal Fistula in Northern Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science, 13 , pp 139-150 doi:10.1017/S0021932000013304 Vesicovaginal fistula. Retrieved from the web 15/08/2006. http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3321.htm Wall, L. L (1988) Dead Mothers and injured wives: The Social Context of maternal morbidity and mortality among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria. Studies in family planning 29: 341-359 WHO (2006) Obstetric Fistula: Guiding principles for clinical management and programme development. WHP Press: Geneva Zacharin, R F. 1998. Obstetric Fistula. New York: Springer-Verlag Wien. COMPASS 2006 FMOH partnership works to achieve Millennium Development Goal of improving maternal health care Abuja, Nigeria September http://www.compassnigeria.org/site/PageServer?pagename=News_200609_FMoH_Partnership Haddad S, Fourier P: Quality, Cost and Utilization of Health Services in Developing Countries: A Longitudinal Study in Zaire. Soc Science Medicine 1995, 40: 743-753. Metro (2006) Modification of OConnors technique for the treatment of VVF repair described. Abu- Zahr C. Prolonged and obstructed labour, In: Murray C. Lopez A. Ed Health dimensions of sex and reproduction: the global burden of sextually transmitted diseases, HIV, maternal conditions, perinatal disorders and congenital anomalities, Cambridge: Havard University Press for WHO. 1998; 243-66 Ijaiya MA, Aboyeji PA. Obstetric urogenital fistula: the Ilorin experience, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 2004; 23(1):7-9. http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=John_Zhang Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/1016812 Lawson J. Vesico -Vaginal fistula y a tropical disease. Trans R Soc. Trop. Med Hyg 1998; 83: 454-456 18 11. MfA VVF   Vesicovaginal Fistula www.medicinemd.com/Med/VesicoVaginal_Fistula_en.html 12. About  Vaginal Fistulas   Mayo Clinic www.mayoclinic.org/vaginal-fistulas/about.htm 19 Time Schedule S/N Activities 2012 2013 Jun- Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July 1 Preparation and paper review x x 2 Detail and tool development x x 3 Ethical consideration x x 4 Research tool try out test validity and reliability x 5 Revise the tool x 6 Recruitment of interviewer team x Field work and data collection x X Data analysis x X Report writing and Presentation x x Budget S/N ITEMS BUDGET Baht 1 Printing questionnaire -Photocopies -Stationery 8,000 Data collection -Photocopies Quest -Souvenir for respondent -Accommodation -Transportation cost -Data processing 21,000 Air fare Miscellaneous 50,000 20,000 Total Thesis document process 99,00

Prevalence Of Chlamydia Health And Social Care Essay

As before stated, chlamydia is the most prevailing sexually transmitted infection in the United States and is an of import public wellness issue. As a soundless infection with serious effects for adult females, forestalling the incidence of chlamydia is an of import issue for nurses advancing adolescent wellness and those who encounter sterility and ectopic gestation in their pattern ( Stewart & A ; Sparrow Center, 2005 ) . It is estimated that there are three million new infections each twelvemonth ( Adderley-Kelly & A ; Stephens, 2005 ) . Numerous prevalence surveies in assorted clinic populations have shown that sexually active striplings have higher rates of Chlamydia infections ( Adderley-Kelly & A ; Stephens, 2005 ) . In measuring and placing chlamydia infections quickly, the effects of wellness results will be decreased. This survey intends to look into whether or non early testing consequences to the bar and early sensing of chlamydia among immature adult females aged 13 to 25. In order to steer the proposed research inquiries of this survey, this literature reappraisal discusses important surveies and research that have been undertaken in relation to testing for chlamydia infection. Prevalence of Chlamydia Chlamydia is the universe ‘s most normally reported sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) ( World Health Organization [ WHO ] , 2009 ) . Its effects particularly to adult females are particularly serious: pelvic inflammatory diseases, ectopic gestation, and sterility. A greater concern among wellness attention practicians is the fact that chlamydia is mostly symptomless hence, testing becomes important in observing instances in order to cut down prevalence and the hazard of complications. the addition rates of chlamydia. Meyers, Halverson, & A ; Luckhaupt ( 2007 ) stated that if left undiagnosed and untreated, chlamydia airss several negative wellness results for pregnant every bit good as non-pregnant adult females. Complications originating from chlamydia could include PID, sterility, chronic pelvic hurting among non-pregnant adult females, chorioamnionitis, pre-term labour, premature rupture of membranes, preterm bringing, self-generated abortion, endometritis, and low birth weight in pregnant adult females. Harmonizing to the CDC ‘s Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Annual Report in 2007, chlamydia prevalence is increasing because of a figure of hazard factors. This is particularly true among the younger populations of adult females. CDC ( 2007 ) stresses that the usage of hazardous sexual behaviours, usage of non-barrier contraceptive method, deficiency of instruction, and deficiency of testing contribute to the intensifying rates of chlamydia infection. Furthermore, several barriers lead to proper proving and diagnosing among sexually active immature adult females. Adolescents are loath to seek out proving or care on their sexual wellness because of ignorance, deficiency of consciousness, deficiency of clip, deficiency of transit to the clinics, and vacillation to be unfastened about sexual wellness issues. These barriers, harmonizing to the CDC ( 2007 ) , must be taken down for any intercession plan to win in cut downing chlamydia prevalent rates. Importance of Screening Central to the attempt in cut downing chlamydia prevalence is proper showing of bad populations such as immature adult females aged less than 25 old ages old ( Alexander, 2006 ) . The function of doctors and nursing professionals are important because they are in an first-class place to supply showing, hazard appraisal, and intervention every bit good as provide guidance and instruction plans to forestall infection. Literature has besides suggested that testing reduces the hazard of chlamydia infection among sexually active immature adult females. Recommendations for one-year showing for chlamydia among sexually active females has been a top precedence of the CDC beginning 1993. A survey by Fiscus et Al. ( 2004 ) examined the rate of testing experienced by sexually active females. In a nationally-implemented longitudinal survey of misss belonging in classs 7 until 12 all across the United States, Fiscus and co-workers obtained site-of-care studies, proving studies, studies for intervention to find how many of sexually experience immature misss received one-year showing as recommended by the CDC. A sum of 3,987 sexually active immature misss were participants to Beckon 1 of the alleged National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The survey found that testing among sexually active immature misss was unequal and may be a major lending factors to the lifting degrees of chlamydia incidence among adolescent misss. A clinical survey conducted by Nelson and Helfand ( 2001 ) aimed to analyze the effectivity of testing for the bar of Chlamydia infection. This survey was conducted in visible radiation of the recommendation made by the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force to implement testing in order to forestall the incidence of Chlamydia infection. A big population of male and female participants served as the survey ‘s sample. Questionnaires were mailed and included inquiries on demographic features and designation of a figure of hazard factors such as multiple sex spouses, non-use of barrier contraceptive method or rubbers, and old history of STD infection. The survey conclude that showing is an effectual signifier of intercession to cut down chlamydia infection among bad groups peculiarly pregnant and non-pregnant adult females. Mertz et al. , ( 2001 ) conducted a non-experimental and retrospective survey to measure the grounds behind high incidence of economically disadvantage immature misss with ages 16 to 24 old ages populating in an urban country. The survey concluded that hazardous sexual behaviour ( for economic grounds ) , multiple sex spouses and non-use of rubbers are behind the 10 % incidence of chlamydia infection among the group of immature adult females. Furthermore, deficiency of entree or non-affordability of trials besides hindered immature adult females to take attention of their sexual wellness. Scholes et Al. ( 2006 ) conducted an experimental survey utilizing randomized control test design to measure whether showing is an effectual scheme to cut down incidence of Chlamydia infection. The showing scheme proposed included the designation, proving, and intervention of adult females identified to belong to bad groups. Intervention plans such as proviso of rubbers, instruction and consciousness, and sexual wellness focal point group treatments were used. Women participants were sexually active females aged below 26 old ages old and adult females aged more than 26 and below 35 old ages old. After a 12-month follow up showing, it was found that chlamydia incidence decreased by 51 per centum. A reappraisal of literature conducted by Weinstock, Berman, and Cates ( 2004 ) suggested that proper and accurate monitoring of the prevalence of chlamydia infection among immature people was important in bar attempts. Weinstock and co-workers analyzed national instance studies, national studies, old literature reappraisals, and WHO datasets to analyze prevalence and place intercessions used. The writers identified several obstructions that hindered bar attempts. The major obstruction identified is the symptomless nature of the infection, which means that the disease can travel on without being detected. The writers recommended the execution of cosmopolitan testing plans to supervise and forestall the intensifying rates of STDs and STIs. A longitudinal survey implemented at a national degree from 2000 to 2001 by Ford, Jacard, Millstein, Bardsley, and Miller ( 2004 ) found that stripling ‘s perceptual experiences on their hazard of infection is extremely prognostic of their results in testing and intervention of chlamydia and gonorrhoea. The writers suggested that when striplings make accurate single hazard appraisals, they are more likely to prosecute wellness advancing behaviours such as contraceptive method and safe sex. Ford and his co-workers studied the relationship between demographic and wellness features to comprehend hazard of infection among two groups: 1 ) a sample of sexually active striplings with ages runing from 18 to 16 and 2 ) a subsample of striplings diagnosed with gonorrhoea of chlamydia. The survey found that merely 14 % of the entire respondents perceived they were at hazard for infection while more than 30 per centum of septic respondents reported sensed hazard. The writers suggested that instruction and awareness plans should be implemented to increase the truth of perceptual experiences of hazard among adolescent young person. A survey conducted by Karaer, Avsar, and Batioglu ( 2006 ) aimed to find the hazard factors that contribute to ectopic gestation, which is still a top factor for high maternal morbidity and mortality rates among pregnant adult females. The survey focused on placing hazard factors perceived to be a consequence of Chlamydia infections left untreated. Karaer and co-workers examined 225 instances and 375 control groups to look for commonalty in assorted demographic and behavioural features. Among the factors evaluated were demographic features, smoke, gynaecological history, surgical history, obstetric history, prophylactic use and aided gestation. The survey found that among other hazard factors, PID stood as the most of import for doing ectopic gestation. While the survey acknowledged deficiency of representativeness and deficiency of generalizability, the writers recommended that enhanced instruction and consciousness among adult females and the hazard factors could let an accurate an d timely diagnosing of ectopic gestation. A national longitudinal survey conducted by Crosby and Danner ( 2008 ) wanted to analyze how attitudes and beliefs among striplings were prognostic of geting STI or STD during early maturity. The survey hypothesized that the sexual wellness attitudes of striplings peculiarly refering STDs will foretell whether or non they will be infected with STD when they become grownups. This survey used informations from Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and measure the prevalence of STDs such as gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalia. In add-on, self-report steps were administered to 8,297 striplings who besides provided urine samples for analysis. Self-report steps indicated that there was a general deficiency of instruction and consciousness among striplings about STDs or STIs. Test consequences for STDs during early maturity suggested that those who had accurate perceptual experiences on sexual wellness issues were less likely to contract STD . The findings suggest that supplying striplings with instruction and greater consciousness will most likely avert STD infection in the old ages to come. In a survey on the effectivity of testing among Norwegians, Skjeldestad, Marsico, Sings, Nordbo, and Storvold ( 2009 ) conducted a longitudinal cohort survey that started in December 2007 and ended in April 2009. The survey wanted to place hazard factors associated with repetition chlamydia infection among adult females aged 24 old ages and younger. A sample of 898 Norse adult females participated in the survey. Data aggregation used questionnaires, urine samples for chlamydia testing and needed clinical signifiers, medical records, and other pertinent paperss. Participants were tested for inclusion, and tested once more as a followup. The writers were able to reason that the major cause of reinfection among Norse adult females was a old chlamydia infection. Furthermore, rubber usage during intercourse besides revealed to be a hindrance for reinfection among adult females ( Skjeldestad, 2009 ) .DrumheadThe surveies examined for this literature reappraisal revealed that chlamydia is a serious wellness job among striplings and that showing as a agency of bar remains unequal. The reappraisal besides highlighted the hazard factors associated with chlamydia infection and reinfection. Factors identified include holding multiple sex spouses, old STD infection, and the non-use of rubbers or barrier contraceptive methods. Surveies reviewed here which aimed at measuring testing as a bar method for chlamydia used the longitudinal design and involved big samples. Urine trying seems to be the most prevailing method of proving for chlamydia. Restrictions of the surveies reviewed include non-representativeness and deficiency of control.

Continental Airlines: Flying High with Its Data Warehouse

The airline industry is a competitive market in which some airlines are profitable while others are not. During the late 1990s, most airlines were lucrative because fuel costs were relatively low and travel was at an all time high amongst flyers. Recently, the airline industry has taken a severe hit due to the increased rate of oil, the 9/11 attacks, and anti-traffic control system to name a few. However, Continental Airlines remains one of the largest airlines in the United States holding its rank in fourth place amongst other airline companies.Initially, Continental Airlines was not highly regarded because of its information technology (IT) and organizational culture. Unlike other airline companies, Continental Airlines has taken extreme measures by adopting new strategies to overhaul its IT department altogether. The information systems Continental had in place was old and outdated because it did not provide information of its most valuable customers. The Transaction Processing Fa cility (TPF) was the old IBM mainframe system Continental’s IT team had during the late 1990s. The system was not designed for customer service.In order for Continental to accomplish its goals, the IT team realized the need to replace its old mainframe. The IT team determined it needed to integrate into one system by consolidating the airline’s disparate customer management relationship (CRM) systems. As a result, Continental joined forces with Teradata to build an enterprise data warehouse comprised of 25 enterprise systems. The warehouses consist of â€Å"schedules, reservations, customer profiles and demographics, airline maintenance records and schedules, employee and crew payroll, and customer care† (Rainer & Turban, 2008, p.132).Additionally, executives of Continental Airlines were able to develop the Customer Value Metric (CVM), which enables them to determine how much money customers spend with its airlines and the costs of flying the customer as well. T he data warehouse is a repository of historical data that assist with business operations to include â€Å"data mining, decision support, and querying applications† (Rainer & Turban, 2008, p. 117). Many components make up the data warehouse such as business dimensions in which data is organized by customers, vendors, product, price level, and region.The data in various databases are encoded differently and kept historically for many years. Once data enters the warehouse it is not updated. Databases use online transaction processing (OLTP), in which business transactions are processed online as they occur. Typically, data warehouses are designed to support decision makers by using online analytical processing (OLAP) for the analysis of mass data by end users. Data is stored in a multidimensional structure as well. All data in the data warehouse comes from Continental Airlines operational databases which can be relational databases as well.These components enable users access t o corporate data for analyzing. Special software such as extract, transform, and load (ETL) are used to process data to later store in a data warehouse. However, only a summary of data is transferred to the warehouse. This data is organized in a form that is easy for end users when accessing. The reason why Continental Airlines remains successful is due to their strategies for improving and enhancing quality customer service with many functions implemented by their IT team.Continental Airlines main focus is increasing customer rewards and incentives of frequent flyers that are loyal customers, while gaining new customers that are profitable too. Continental Airlines contributes its success to the quality customer service and customer satisfaction it provides by expanding its routes and serving meals on every flight. Some airline companies have gone bankrupt while others simply choose not to improve their quality of customer service. As a result, customers have become irritated due t o the lack of reasonable rates, delays, and strict rules of other airline companies.In closing, information technology is essential for airline companies. Some airline companies may choose to stick with basic airline technology. However, an airline company can enhance its level of customer service and profitability based on the type of changes it needs to make. Executives of an airline company can look to its IT department to strategize ways to utilize information systems that best fits its goals, business practices, mission statement, customer service, and customer satisfaction.

Essay An Analysis of Orwells quot;Shooting an...

Shooting an Elephant is one of the most popular of George Orwells essays. Like his essays A hanging and How the Poor Die, it is chiefly autobiographical. It deals with his experience as a police-officer in Burma. After having completed his education, Orwell joined the Indian Imperial Police, and served in Burma, from 1922 to 1927, as an Assistant Superintendent of Police. His experiences as an officer in Burma were bitter. He was often a victim of the hostility and injustices at the hands of his colleagues and officers. Peter Stansky and William Abrahams in their book The Unknown Orwell write He was friendless and inexperienced, not certain of what to expect and fearful of proving to be inadequate, a predictable failure. Orwell†¦show more content†¦He appears to have recollected the incident very vividly just before he wrote the, but he had obviously been thinking of it intermittently ever since it happened. In Burmese Days, written several years before, the hero Flory, on his first meeting with Elizabeth Lackersteen, describes to her `the murder of an elephant, which he had perpetrated some years earlier. This essay reads like the leaves from the same Burmese notebooks, which Orwell used in writing his novel. It is frankly autobiographical and describes how an elephant went `must in a bazaar and killed a man. An Englishman was expected to rise to an occasion like this, so Orwell got the rifle and marched down to the field where the elephant had gone. As soon as he saw it, he knew that it was unnecessary to kill it; the fit was over. Equally surely, he knew that he was going to shoot it. The crowd following him willed him to kill it. M.G. Nayar writes, This essay enables us to get a glimpse of the authors experiences in Burma where he was employed in the British Imperial Police (1922 - 1927). Orwell had already come to regard imperialism `as very largely a racket, and he knew he was ill-fitted for the role he was called upon to play. During this period of Imperial service a sense of guilt